Anatomically based finite element models of the human pulmonary arterial and venous trees including supernumerary vessels.

Studies of the origin of pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity have highlighted the significant role of vessel branching structure on flow distribution. To enable more detailed investigation of structure-function relationships in the pulmonary circulation, an anatomically based finite element model of the arterial and venous networks has been developed to more accurately reflect the geometry found in vivo. Geometric models of the arterial and venous tree structures are created using a combination of multidetector row X-ray computed tomography imaging to define around 2,500 vessels from each tree, a volume-filling branching algorithm to generate the remaining accompanying conducting vessels, and an empirically based algorithm to generate the supernumerary vessel geometry. The explicit generation of supernumerary vessels is a unique feature of the computational model. Analysis of branching properties and geometric parameters demonstrates close correlation between the model geometry and anatomical measures of human pulmonary blood vessels. A total of 12 Strahler orders for the arterial system and 10 Strahler orders for the venous system are generated, down to the equivalent level of the terminal bronchioles in the bronchial tree. A simple Poiseuille flow solution, assuming rigid vessels, is obtained within the arterial geometry of the left lung, demonstrating a large amount of heterogeneity in the flow distribution, especially with inclusion of supernumerary vessels. This model has been constructed to accurately represent available morphometric data derived from the complex asymmetric branching structure of the human pulmonary vasculature in a form that will be suitable for application in functional simulations.